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Refficiency

  • Home
  • About Us
    • Our Story
  • News
    • CamCOP: Rooted — Nature-Based Climate Solutions Summit

    • CCML Policy Forum

    • CCG workshop on Critical Minerals held in Malawi

    • Mining Indaba 2026: ESG, Risk, and Value Addition in Africa – Insights, Meetings, and Strategic Reflections

    • Assessing Risks and Opportunities of Critical Mineral Development in Malawi

  • People
  • Projects
  • Publications
    • Industrial energy efficiency and decarbonisation via electrification and hydrogen

    • Critical minerals requirements for meeting net zero pathways in the United Kingdom

    • Building stock archetype and modelling (BSAM) framework for coupled material-energy‑carbon assessment

    • Toward responsible mining: Linking ESG strategies with spatial analysis in Zambia’s copper mining industry

    • Ten years on: Are raw material criticality assessments making more sense?

  • Resources
    • Resources
    • Talks
  • Contact
  • Home
  • About Us
    • Our Story
  • News
    • CamCOP: Rooted — Nature-Based Climate Solutions Summit

    • CCML Policy Forum

    • CCG workshop on Critical Minerals held in Malawi

    • Mining Indaba 2026: ESG, Risk, and Value Addition in Africa – Insights, Meetings, and Strategic Reflections

    • Assessing Risks and Opportunities of Critical Mineral Development in Malawi

  • People
  • Projects
  • Publications
    • Industrial energy efficiency and decarbonisation via electrification and hydrogen

    • Critical minerals requirements for meeting net zero pathways in the United Kingdom

    • Building stock archetype and modelling (BSAM) framework for coupled material-energy‑carbon assessment

    • Toward responsible mining: Linking ESG strategies with spatial analysis in Zambia’s copper mining industry

    • Ten years on: Are raw material criticality assessments making more sense?

  • Resources
    • Resources
    • Talks
  • Contact

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Jonathan Cullen
July 19, 2018

Governments use national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories to quantify the impact of mitigation options at the sectoral level and to scrutinize emissions reduction plans. The use of an...

Mapping the Global Flow of Steel: From Steelmaking to End-Use Goods

Jonathan Cullen
July 19, 2018

Our society is addicted to steel. Global demand for steel has risen to 1.4 billion tonnes a year and is set to at least double by 2050, while...

Sustainable Materials: with both eyes open

Jonathan Cullen
July 19, 2018

Allwood JM, Cullen JM, McBrien M., Milford RL, Carruth MA, Patel ACH, Cooper DR, Moynihan M (2011) Sustainable Materials: with both eyes open. 384 pages. UIT Cambridge, England. ISBN 978-1-906860-05-9

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