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Refficiency

  • Home
  • About Us
    • Our Story
  • News
    • Reflections from Singapore and Vietnam: ISIE 2025 and Climate-Compatible Growth Collaboration

    • Dr Fanran Meng wins Royal Society of Chemistry’s Early Career Prize

    • Critical Minerals dashboards

    • Exploring the Copperbelt: A Journey Through The Promise of Zambia

    • CCG Scoping Mission in Malawi

  • People
  • Projects
  • Publications
    • A systematic review of resilience in the critical minerals supply chains, needed for the low-carbon energy transition

    • Assessing minimum energy requirements and emissions for different raw material compositions in clinker production

    • Barriers, enablers, and opportunities for scaling-up innovative and circular domestic retrofit business models in the UK

    • Country’s wealth is not associated with domestic control of metal ore extraction

    • A robust framework for estimating theoretical minimum energy requirements for industrial processes

  • Resources
    • Resources
    • Talks
  • Contact
  • Home
  • About Us
    • Our Story
  • News
    • Reflections from Singapore and Vietnam: ISIE 2025 and Climate-Compatible Growth Collaboration

    • Dr Fanran Meng wins Royal Society of Chemistry’s Early Career Prize

    • Critical Minerals dashboards

    • Exploring the Copperbelt: A Journey Through The Promise of Zambia

    • CCG Scoping Mission in Malawi

  • People
  • Projects
  • Publications
    • A systematic review of resilience in the critical minerals supply chains, needed for the low-carbon energy transition

    • Assessing minimum energy requirements and emissions for different raw material compositions in clinker production

    • Barriers, enablers, and opportunities for scaling-up innovative and circular domestic retrofit business models in the UK

    • Country’s wealth is not associated with domestic control of metal ore extraction

    • A robust framework for estimating theoretical minimum energy requirements for industrial processes

  • Resources
    • Resources
    • Talks
  • Contact

Enabling steel’s circular economy potential

Joanna Wakeling
March 10, 2021

Michal Drewniok discusses the principles of reusing steel elements and encourages structural engineers to consider this option over designing with new material. Half of all steel is used...

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