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Refficiency

  • Home
  • About Us
    • Our Story
  • News
    • Day 1 impressions from Mining Indaba 2026

    • Final Call for Abstracts: ISIE SEM 2026 Conference

    • Looking back at 2025

    • Conference Recaps: The Symposium on Diabetes in Humanitarian Crises, and IPHU on Public Pharma

    • New Critical Mineral Showcase Videos on Youtube!

  • People
  • Projects
  • Publications
    • China’s role in the UK energy transition: from mine to technology

    • Critical Minerals in the ASEAN region: assessing opportunities and risks

    • Resilience of Critical Minerals Supply Chains

    • From variance to value: Stabilizing circular exchanges in industrial symbiosis networks

    • Material circularity in the UK’s foundation industries

  • Resources
    • Resources
    • Talks
  • Contact
  • Home
  • About Us
    • Our Story
  • News
    • Day 1 impressions from Mining Indaba 2026

    • Final Call for Abstracts: ISIE SEM 2026 Conference

    • Looking back at 2025

    • Conference Recaps: The Symposium on Diabetes in Humanitarian Crises, and IPHU on Public Pharma

    • New Critical Mineral Showcase Videos on Youtube!

  • People
  • Projects
  • Publications
    • China’s role in the UK energy transition: from mine to technology

    • Critical Minerals in the ASEAN region: assessing opportunities and risks

    • Resilience of Critical Minerals Supply Chains

    • From variance to value: Stabilizing circular exchanges in industrial symbiosis networks

    • Material circularity in the UK’s foundation industries

  • Resources
    • Resources
    • Talks
  • Contact

Jennifer Bitting

Pairing Quantity and Quality in
a Mass Balance of Water in California

Jennifer Bitting
March 1, 2023

We introduce a new seven-step method for creating a water budget that combines both quality and quantity in a mass balance of water.

Global material flow analysis of glass: From raw materials to end of life

Jennifer Bitting
June 1, 2021

Global glass production grew to 150 million tonnes (Mt) in 2014, equating to approximately 21 kg per person. Producing this glass is energy intensive and contributes annual CO2 emissions...

Creating a Water Quality Scale Methodology Using California as a Case Study

Jennifer Bitting
February 9, 2021

Water availability analysis traditionally has involved understanding how much water enters and leaves a region and how much is used or stored each year. This mass balance of...

The Benefits of Drought (Part 1)

Jennifer Bitting
October 17, 2017

Nothing stimulates creativity and innovation in the area of water resource efficiency like drought. While we usually hear about the negative impacts of drought, we don’t often see...

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